Orkney Riddler

    Drumlins The image above shows a group of drumlins from "Walking Ireland" by Michael Gibbons, in his website,   www.walkingireland.com A description and discussion of drumlins is quoted below, in Biology Insights, at w ww. BioligyInsights.com "A drumlin is an elongated, streamlined hill sculpted beneath a massive glacier or ice sheet. Drumlins are formed by the immense pressure and movement of glacial ice acting on the loose sediment, or till, at the glacier’s base. Their shape and orientation provide geologists with a direct map of the direction that ancient ice flowed, offering insight into the dynamics of past ice sheets. A drumlin is characterized by its distinctive, asymmetrical, and streamlined shape, often described as resembling a half-buried egg or an inverted spoon. The long axis of the hill is always aligned parallel to the direction of the former ice flow, which is its defining geometric feature. Drumlins are typically between 250 and 1,000 meters lon...

  Hummocky Moraine The picture is taken at Hayeswater, which is in the English Lake District (photo Andy Emery) It shows a reasonable representation of Hummocky Moraine. The valley floor is not flat but has numerous hummocks or mounds of various knobbly shapes. These hummocks are said to have been dropped by glaciers, and indeed they have, but not necessarily in the way that academia would have us believe.  Having said that I can only account for the formation process for these features as they present themselves in Britain. Similar features may be found  in other post-glacial landscapes, and be formed in an entirely different way, a way for which i have no knowledge or understanding, yet. Here in the Lake District the hummocky landscape is on a valley floor  and is likely to have been dumped there by a melting glacier. The ice sheet sitting on the Lake District from 120,000 to 20,000 years ago may have been half a kilometre deep, (or more, or less!), but they were c...

Pot-Holes Not to be confused with pot holes on the public highway....... One of the last companies I worked for was Cotswold Archaeology who, in 2008/9 were contracted to run the excavation of sites that were found in the path of a National Grid Liquified Natural Gas pipeline running across the Gloucestershire countryside. The planners of the route of the pipeline had managed to avoid any major archaeological sites leaving some fairly dog-eared ruins for the team that had been assembled for the work, to excavate and record. There was a rambling spread of roman features, pits, kilns and the like in one location, and nearby there were a couple of large round features,  one of which I was set to excavate and record This was a feature of five metres diameter,  and I had enough experience to know that it had not been constructed by the hand of man. This was a natural feature, and I had no idea how it might have happened.  As I dug it though I was aware that there were mysterio...

 Longtown Castle   It was 1978 when I worked at Longtown Castle,  a motte and bailey medieval castle on the Welsh border in Herefordshire. The job was simple enough, dig out the destruction rubble in the floor of the keep, around 30 cubic metres of rubble. The castle is on a ridge that carries an ancient track way from Abergavenny,  north to Hay- on-Wye.  A deep valley runs parallel to the Longtown ridge, and beyond that was the Black Mountain, a high ridge, also connecting Abergavenny to Hay- on-Wye.  The scenery, topography, and geology are difficult to ignore here, and I would sit in the site hut, sipping teaz and looking out and wondering how the valley and the ridges on either side of it were formed. Anything I might have learned at school suggested that the valley must have been formed by either a glacier sliding along it, or by water flowing along it. Neither option looked feasible here. The valley was roughly 10 kilometres long, 1 kilometre wide, an...

After my second season at Grimes Graves, in 1974, the director G.de G Sieveking asked for volunteers to work a small excavation he had planned in North London. The place was in Acton, at a school,  the Haberdashers Aske School. The property was changing hands and would become the Japanese School in the new term.  Mr Sieveking had been given permission and support to excavate part of the grounds of the school as it was known that a knapping floor was present in the area yielding an unusual style of knapping technique,  the Levallois technique.  The flints that we were hoping to find were large and sort of triangular. The site of our excavation was just outside the window into the head teacher's office, and as we had not been told about the circumstances of the change of hands of the property it felt slightly sacriligeous to be cutting into turf that we as children, not that long ago, would have been forbidden to walk on. The turf was tidily cut and carefully stacked f...

  Erratic Boulder In Dorset Barrow I explained that Bournemouth, Christchurch, and Poole were all on or near a plateau of gravel. This plateau that must be dated to some time in the last million years has been cut through in many places, and as a result the area is dotted with steep roads. These hilly roads are notorious. Richmond Hill in central Bournemouth, Sea Road in Boscombe, Gravel Hill in Poole. As a cyclist in the area, these hills were a bugger to cycle up, and a quick thrill to ride down. Separating the Bournemouth plateau from St Catherine's Hill,  north of Christchurch,  is a wide valley joining Ringwood in the North with the south coast at Bournemouth Bay, close to Hengistbury Head.  The River Avon wandered through this wide valley, and in the 1960s the powers-that-be decided to build a dual carriageway along it, linking Bournemouth to Ringwood.  The whole route was farmland,  and when the machines started to strip the soil to lay the footings...