Sources

 


Limited list of Sources :-

I have used the evidence published in the sources I have quoted. The interpretation that I draw from their evidence is entirely my own, and I apologise to any authors whose work has been reinterpreted in this way.  Most of the other sources are mentionedin the text.

(Bayliss) Alex Bayliss, Peter Marshall, Colin Richards & Alasdair Whittle. Settlement duration and materiality: formal chronological models for the development of Barnhouse, a Grooved Ware settlement in Orkney

(BGS) British Geological Survey, North Sea Memoirs

(Callander) A Stalled Chambered Cairn , the Knowe of Ramsay, at Hullion, Rousay, Orkney “. By J. Graham Callander, and Walter G. Grant

(Callander) “A long, stalled cairn , the Knowe of Yarso, In Rousay, Orkney “ by J. Graham Callander,, and Walter G. Grant,

(Callander) Long Stalled Chambered Cairn or Mausoleum (Rousay TYPE) near Midhowe, Rousay, Orkney . By J. Graham Callander, , and Walter G. Grant”

(Callander) Long Stalled Chambered Cairn at Midhowe, Graham Callander and Walter G. Grant

Canmore.co.uk 

(Card) To Cut a Long Story Short: Formal Chronological Modelling for the Late Neolithic Site of Ness of Brodgar, Orkney. Nick Card, Ingrid Mainland, C.M. Batt, Christopher Bronk Ramsey

(Clarke, D) , Sheridan, A, Shepherd, A, Sharples, N, Armour-Chelu, M, Hamlet, L, Bronk Ramsey, C, Dunbar, E, Reimer, P, Marshall, P and Whittle, A 2017 ‘The end of the world, or just “goodbye to all that”? Contextualising the red deer heap from Links of Noltland, Westray, within late 3rd-millennium cal bc Orkney’, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 146: 57-89. 

(Clouston) “Notice of the Excavation of a Chambered Cairn of The Stone Age , at Unstan , in the Loch of Stennis, Orkney” Robert Stewart Clouston

(Cucchi) Analyses of the vole remains, by Thomas Cucchi et al

(Creel) Postglacial Relative Sea Level Change in Norway by Roger C. Creel et al

(Downes et al) “Investigating the great Ring of Brodgar” by Downes, Jane; Richards, Colin ; Brown, John ; Cresswell, A. J. ; Ellen, R.; Davis, A. D. ; Hall, Allan; McCulloch, Robert ; Sanderson, David C. W. ; Simpson, Ian A. Published in: Building the Great Stone Circles of the North (2013) 

(Fraser) Mammals in Late Neolithic Orkney (With reference to mammal bones recovered from Links of Noltland, Westray)” Sheena Fraser

(Gatliff) The geology of the central North Sea. United Kingdom offshore regional report by R W Gatliff

(Griffiths) , Beside the Ocean of Time: a chronology of Neolithic burial Monuments and houses in Orkney. Seren Griffiths, The Times of Their Lives Project,  

(Henshall) Neolithic cairns of Orkney

Historic Environment Scotland, Statement Of Significance, Skara Brae

Historic Environment Scotland, Statement Of Significance, Links of Noltland 

(Hijma) "Sea-level rise in the early Holocene revealed from North Sea peats" by Marc P. Hijma, et al,

(Lawrence.) Orkneys First Farmers, Reconstructing biographies from osteological analysis to gain insights into life and society in a Neolithic community on the edge of Atlantic Europe. David Michael Lawrence 

(Long, D) ., Smith, D. E. And Dawson, A. C. 1989 A Holocene tsunami deposit in eastern Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science, Vd. 4, pp. 61-66. ISSN 0267-81 79 1988 

(Long) A flint artifact from the northern North Sea" By Long, D., Wickham-Jones, C.R. and Ruckley, N.A. 1986

(Marshall) Links of Noltland, Westray, Orkney. Radiocarbon Dating And chronological Modelling. By Peter Marshall

(Moore) Migration and community in Bronze Age Orkney: innovation and continuity at the Links of Noltland,” Hazel Moore and Graeme Wilson

(Ottesen) “Morphology, sedimentary infill and depositional environments of the Early Quaternary North Sea Basin by Dag Ottesen 

(Prøsch-Danielsen) Sea-level studies along the coast of southwestern Norway with emphasise on three short-lived Holocene marine events Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen

(Romaniuk) , Rodents: food or pests in Neolithic Orkney, Andrzej A. Romaniuk, Alexandra N. Shepherd, David V. Clarke, Alison J. Sheridan, Sheena Fraser, László Bartosiewicz and Jeremy S. Herman

(Richards) Islands of history: the Late Neolithic Timescape of Orkney Colin Richards, Andrew Meirion Jones, Ann MacSween, Alison Sheridan, Elaine Dunbar, Paula Reimer, Alex Bayliss, Seren Griffiths and Alasdair Whittle

(Ritchie) Excavation of a Neolithic farmstead at Knap of Howar, Papa Westray, Orkney, Anne Ritchie 

(Ritchie) Stones of Stenness, Graham Ritchie

(Sejrup) Quaternary of the Norwegian Channel: glaciation History and palaeoceanography” Hans Petter Sejrup

(Shennan) . “Relative sea-level changes and crustal movements in Britain and Ireland since the Last Glacial Maximum by Ian Shennan , Sarah L Bradley, and Robin Edwards”

"Tunnel valley formation beneath deglaciating mid-latitude ice sheets: Observations and modelling" by James by D. Kirkham et al

"The northern sector of the last British Ice Sheet: Maximum extent and demise" by Tom Bradwell et al

"Glaciology of the British Isles Ice Sheet during the last glacial cycle: form, flow, streams and lobes" by Geoffrey Boulton et al

"Growth and retreat of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet, 31 000 to 15 000 years ago: the BRITICE-CHRONO reconstruction" CHRIS D. CLARK et al 

"Glacial processes and landforms" by David J. A. Evans et al

"Retreat dynamics of the eastern sector of the British–Irish Ice Sheet during the last glaciation" by DAVID J. A. EVANS 

"A chronology for North Sea Lobe advance and recession on the Lincolnshire and Norfolk coasts during MIS 2 and 6" by David J.A. Evans 

"Subglacial bed conditions during Late Pleistocene glaciations and their impact on ice dynamics in the southern North Sea" by SANDRA PASSCHIER et al

"Provenance and depositional environments of Quaternary sediments from the western North Sea Basin" by Davies, B.J. et al

"Pattern, style and timing of British–Irish Ice Sheet advance and retreat over the last 45 000 years: evidence from NW Scotland and the adjacent continental shelf" By TOM BRADWELL et al

"Streamlined hard beds formed by palaeo-ice streams: A review" by Maarten Krabbendam et al


Sources :-

I have used the evidence published in the sources I have quoted. The interpretation that I draw from their evidence is entirely my own, and I apologise to any authors whose work has been reinterpreted in this way.


(BGS) British Geological Survey, North Sea Memoirs

(Cotterill) “The evolution of the Dogger Bank, North Sea: a Complex history of terrestrial, glacial and marine Environmental change “ Carol J. Cotterill, Emrys Phillips, Leo James, Carl Fredrik Forsberg, Tor Inge Tjelta, Gareth Carter, Dayton Dove

(Cucchi) Analyses of the vole remains, by Thomas Cucchi et al

(Dobney) :- Abdn.ac.uk/news/4846 “Revealed: Unique Orkney Vole most likely came from Belgium over 5,000 years ago” “The mystery of the Orkney Vole,” June 2016, Keith Dobney, et al ”

(Gatliff) The geology of the central North Sea. United Kingdom offshore regional report by R W Gatliff

(Hijma) "Global sea-level rise in the early Holocene revealed from North Sea peats" by Marc P. Hijma, Sarah L. Bradley, Kim M. Cohen, et al

(Howar) Geology of the Nottingham district: Memoir for 1:50 000 geological sheet 126 (England and Wales)” By A S Howar

(Johnson et al) The geology of the northern North Sea. United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report By H Johnson, P C Richards, D Long and C C Graham

(Jansen ) Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in the Witch and Fladen Ground area, northern North Sea” Fred Jansen

(Long, D) ., Smith, D. E. And Dawson, A. C. 1989 A Holocene tsunami deposit in eastern Scotland. Journal of Quaternary Science, Vd. 4, pp. 61-66. ISSN 0267-81 79 1988

(Mellett) Denudation of the continental shelf between Britain and France at the glacial-Interglacial timescale · December 2013 Claire L. Mellett

(Ottesen) “Morphology, sedimentary infill and depositional environments of the Early Quaternary North Sea Basin by Dag Ottesen

(Prøsch-Danielsen) Sea-level studies along the coast of southwestern Norway with emphasise on three short-lived Holocene marine events Lisbeth Prøsch-Danielsen

(Roberts) The mixed‐bed glacial landform imprint of the North Sea Lobe in the western North Sea”, by Dave Roberts. 

(Sejrup) Quaternary of the Norwegian Channel: glaciation History and palaeoceanography” Hans Petter Sejrup

(Shennan) . “Relative sea-level changes and crustal movements in Britain and Ireland since the Last Glacial Maximum by Ian Shennan , Sarah L Bradley, and Robin Edwards”

(Stewart) Assemblage of buried and seabed tunnel valleys in the central North Sea: from morphology to ice-sheet dynamics, M.A. STEWART

*

Index


The rich history of archaeology on Orkney provides source material for the following observations.



"Neolithic Migrants to Orkney" The story of the First, Founding Immigrants to Orkney 

"A Bizarre Idea" What's the Story, then?

"Walkable land in the North Sea" describes evidence that walkable land was present between Norfolk and Holland at a time when prehistoric people were occupying northern Europe. 

"Archaeology in the North Sea" looks at the elusive evidence that the Orkney Vole could have walked from Caithness to South Ronaldsay. 

"3000BC" gives detailed evidence of tsunami events on the Norwegian Coast.

 "A Brief Guide to the Last Glaciation" How did the North Sea develop?

"Mainland Settlements" discusses and dates the early settlements across mainland Orkney.

"Barnhouse" describes this "Neolithic Village" a substantial group of Neolithic structures on the shore of Harray Loch. 

"Barnhouse Sweat Lodge" describes Structure 8, the Sweat Lodge at Barnhouse.

"Modern Sweat Lodge Practices" describes present day Sweat Lodge ceremonies.

"The Stones of Stenness" describes anomalies in the settings of the stones that formed the stone circle.

"The Ring of Brodgar" discusses just how many stones are there, or are not there, at the Ring of Brodgar. 

 "A Custom Among the Lower Class of People" , about 18th century Orkney people and the Stones at Brodgar. 

"Maeshowe, a Wonder of the Neolithic World" is the personal account of the excavation of the Maeshowe Cairn by the man who excavated it. I include it because it is so personal, not because it adds anything to our understanding. 

"Cairns of Orkney" is the commentary of several antiquarian archaeologists writing in previous centuries as they excavated Cairns in England, Scotland, and Orkney. Although these cairns may not have been excavated to a high standard, the commentary provided in these reports is, in my view, very personal, and highly approachable. 

"Cairns and the People in them" examines the bones of the people who were laid in cairns, and tells their stories.

"The Westrays" describes the Knap of Howar settlement, and the desolation of the islands that were found by the people of the Links of Noltland when they settled there at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. 

"Skara Brae, RCAHMS" is the official description of the Neolithic "Village"

"Skara Brae, Excavation", is an account of the excavation of Hut 7 in 1927. This is an interesting personal account of the Gordon Childe's Excavation by J Wilson Paterson.

"Dating Skara Brae" gives detailed dating evidence for Skara Brae 

"The Ness of Brodgar Excavation" and account of the excavation , before 2020, by Nick Card. 

"Dating the Ness of Brodgar" gives Dating evidence for the Ness of Brodgar 

"The Ferriby Boats" The first seafaring vessels? 

"The Orkney Vole" discusses the evidence that the Orkney Vole migrated from Europe to Orkney without setting foot on mainland Britain. 

Bere Barley, a Neolithic grain derivations of Bere Barley. 

"Concluding" , some simple remarks in conclusion.

"Finally" closing remarks.

Sources



All views and opinions expressed are my own, but it remains a work-in-progress for which positive criticism and comment is welcomed.


Jeffery Nicholls 


South Ronaldsay 


Orkney 


Jiffynorm@yahoo.co.uk 

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